In order to ensure the stress of the main girder and structure of long-span steel-concrete composite girder cable-stayed bridge meet the specification requirement, the finite element model was established considering geometric nonlinear factors. The bridge construction process of the Chibi Yangtze River Highway Bridge was simulated. The sensitivity of the weight and elastic modulus of the main beam and bridge deck, elastic modulus of cable and temperature error to the main beam alignment, control section stress and cable force in finished bridge state was investigated. The results show that, the errors of steel main girder weight, bridge deck weight, cable elastic modulus, and temperature have significant effects on the structural behavior of the completed bridge. However, the steel main girder elastic modulus and bridge deck elastic modulus errors have little influence. The research results can provide scientific basis for error correction in construction control, calculating the key control variables, and also provide reference for the construction of the similar types of bridge projects.