The intelligent identification and tracking of risk targets in highway construction process is the decision-making basis of intelligent management of construction safety and one of the important contents of intelligent construction. With the rapid development of computer vision technology, researchers have developed many risk target identification and tracking technologies with computer vision algorithms that used images or videos as data carriers. This paper systematically reviews the recent research progress in the field of risk target identification and tracking of intelligent highway construction based on computer vision. The construction site reconstruction, risk target intelligent identification and risk target intelligent tracking are classified and elaborated, and the representative work is reviewed and analyzed. Furthermore, the limitations of current research and the future development direction are pointed out.