To overcome the problems of long time consumption and susceptibility to operational environment in traditional bridge damage localization method, the efficient and accurate method for locating bridge damage was proposed in this study. The pseudo-static displacement was represented as a linear combination of total displacement through the finite impulse response filter. The accuracy function for quasi-static displacement was established to solve the filter coefficients. This method was used to extract quasi-static displacement from bridge displacement response under moving loads. The damage location of bridges was determined based on quasi-static displacement. Taking a certain simply supported beam and a continuous beam as examples, the accuracy of this method was verified in identifying the damage location of both beams. This study can provide reference for the detection of bridge damage localization.