In order to study the influence of the construction process of the ultra-small spacing shield adjacent to the envelope structure on the surrounding rock and structure. Taking the construction of Shenzhen metro line 14 from Baohe station to Baolong station as the background, the stress law and surface settlement law of shield - surrounding rock-envelope structure interaction system were analyzed during the construction of ultra-small clear distance shield adjacent to the envelope structure. The finite element software was used to simulate the whole process of shield construction. The deformation and stress law of the interaction system were obtained during the process of shield tunneling. Compared with the monitoring results, the accuracy of numerical simulation was proved. Furthermore, the influence of parameters such as soil chamber pressure, synchronous grouting pressure and cutterhead torque on the stability of soil layer and existing structure was analyzed. And the appropriate construction parameters were proposed. The results show that, when the proposed parameters are used in construction, that the displacement parameters such as surface settlement are within the allowable range. The correctness of the research method and conclusion in this paper is verified.