The cable of the cable-stayed buckle-and-hang system needs to be removed after the arch rib is closed. Various changes will occur to the bridge components during cable removal, affecting structural safety. To explore the optimal cable removal sequence for a steel box arch bridge and the possible extreme asymmetric states during cable removal, this study used the Chetianjiang Bridge as a case study. A finite element model was established to calculate the effects of four different cable removal schemes on the arch rib. The results indicate that removing cables sequentially from the vault to the arch foot minimizes the increase in cable force. Conversely, removing cables from the arch foot to the vault results in the maximum vertical displacement and stress extreme values in the arch rib. Therefore, the most suitable sequence for meeting construction requirements is to remove the cables from the top of the vault to the foot of the arch. Using Midas/Civil software, several extreme asymmetric cable removal states are simulated and analyzed. The findings suggest that the removal of the backstay cables should be synchronized as much as possible to ensure structural stability. Additionally, the removal progress of the cables on both sides and the difference in removal progress between the left and right spans should be controlled within one cable bundle to minimize adverse impacts on the bridge structure.