Considering the influence of different environmental factors on the high temperature and low temperature performance of asphalt mixture, based on the Burgers model and the creep effect of asphalt mixture, the basic performance test of asphalt mixture after environmental simulation is carried out with the help of self-developed environmental simulator. The grey correlation analysis method is used to evaluate the influence of single factor on the high and low temperature performance, and the principal component analysis method is used to explore the influence of coupling factors on the high and low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. It is found that compared with single factor, coupling factors have more serious damage to the high and low temperature performance of SBS modified asphalt mixture. The degree of influence of individual factors is as follows: high temperature has the greatest impact, followed by ultraviolet light, and then rainfall. Ultraviolet light plays a major role when these factors are coupled. The influence degree of single factor is high temperature，ultraviolet light，rainfall, and ultraviolet light plays a major role in coupling factors. In addition, according to the fitting results of Burgers model, the viscoelastic parameters gradually decrease with the increase of the number of environmental action cycles and environmental factors, resulting in the gradual attenuation of high and low temperature performance of asphalt mixture. The reason is that the viscous and elastic components in asphalt mixture are converted.