Ultra-high performance concrete-coarse aggregate (UHPC-CA) has broad application prospects due to its low cost and low shrinkage characteristics, and it can be used in cast-in-place engineering for room-temperature maintenance. On this basis, the tensile performance of steel reinforcements in UHPC-CA was analyzed, and tensile tests were conducted. The bond stress-slip curves of the specimens were analyzed, and the synergistic effects of particle size and content of coarse aggregates and steel fiber content on the bonding performance of steel reinforcements in UHPC-CA were systematically discussed. The results show that all tensile specimens exhibit splitting failure, revealing the mechanical behavior of UHPC-CA under certain conditions. It is worth noting that the influence of particle size and content of coarse aggregates and steel fiber content on the bonding performance of steel reinforcements is not linearly increasing, but there is an optimal interval, which can maximize the bonding performance of steel reinforcements in UHPC-CA. When the particle size and content of coarse aggregates are 5-8 mm and 20%, and the steel fiber content is 2%, UHPC-CA with optimal bonding performance of steel reinforcements can be prepared, providing an important reference for practical engineering applications.