In response to the requirements of thickness limitation and water tightness of steel bridge deck pavement, the accelerated loading wear test of four common mixtures for the wear layer of steel bridge decks was carried out with an asphalt mixture friction characteristic tester, a laser scanner, and other instruments. The Asymptotic model was used to fit and analyze the data, and the correlation between the parameters of skid resistance performance and wear times of the asphalt mixtures was determined. The results show that with the increase of wear times, the dynamic friction coefficient, British pendulum number (BPN), texture depth (MTD), and mean profile depth (MPD) of the asphalt mixtures all show a downward trend, with the decay rate being high first and then becoming low. The Asymptotic model can accurately characterize the relationship between skid resistance and wear times of the four mixtures, and the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.95. From the perspective of skid resistance, modified asphalt SMA13 and EA10 have certain advantages. Especially, the dynamic friction coefficient and BPN of EA10 are higher than those of the other three mixtures. However, its MTD is usually difficult to reach 0.8. Combined with engineering practice experience, a suggestion is provided that priority should be given to SMA13 under the premise that the wear layer performance meets the requirements and the thickness is allowed. At the same time, there are some differences between the skid resistance performance detection methods in the current specifications. Thus, it is advisable to expand the sample source to clarify the correlation of these methods with skid resistance performance of pavement more comprehensively.