[Purposes] This study aims to analyze the effect of graphene oxide (GO) on the adhesion properties of asphalt. [Methods] GO and KH550-GO dispersions with different dosages (mass fractions of 0.04%, 0.08%, 0.12%, and 0.16%) were added to the matrix asphalt to prepare modified asphalt, and the qualitative boiling test and quantitative contact angle test were carried out on it. Based on the surface free energy theory, the adhesion work and other parameters of the GO and KH550-GO modified asphalt were calculated to comprehensively evaluate its adhesion properties. The immersion Marshall test and freeze-thaw splitting test were conducted to verify the water stability of the modified asphalt mixtures. The wheel rutting test was performed to evaluate the high-temperature stability of the mixtures. [Findings] After the addition of KH550-GO for modification of the matrix asphalt, the surface energy of asphalt and aggregate system is significantly strengthened, and the addition of KH550-GO significantly improves the adhesion function of the matrix asphalt. The residual stability and freeze-thaw splitting strength ratio of the modified asphalt mixture are the highest when the KH550-GO dosage is 0.12%, and the high-temperature stability and water stability of the KH550-GO asphalt mixture are the best. [Conclusions] The proposed method can effectively improve the performance of asphalt.