In order to explore the variation patterns of asphalt mixture modulus gradients under the influence of the temperature field and the mechanical response characteristics of asphalt pavements. A temperature-modulus gradient model was established by combining a temperature field estimation model with dynamic modulus test data. The finite block method is a meshless calculation method that combines the advantages of finite elements. The finite block method calculation program is compiled to calculate the mechanical response of flexible base layer asphalt pavement structure and semi-rigid base layer asphalt pavement structure considering the temperature-modulus gradient model, and the results are compared and analyzed with those of the isothermal uniform model. Research findings indicate that the finite block method is an effective computational method for calculating structural mechanics problems of pavements, both isothermal homogeneous models and temperature-modulus gradient models, maintaining high accuracy and computational efficiency. The temperature-modulus gradient model shows varying degrees of increase in several key mechanical indicators compared to the isothermal uniform model, particularly evident in flexible base asphalt pavement structure. Specifically, the highest increase in vertical compressive stress within the asphalt mixture layer was 316.24%, the highest increase in horizontal tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt mixture layer was 347.918%, and the highest increase in vertical compressive strain at the top surface of the subgrade was 206.294%. Therefore, neglecting the impact of temperature fields and using an isothermal homogeneous model for flexible base asphalt pavement structural design significantly underestimates the risks of permanent deformation and fatigue cracking, presenting certain safety hazards compared to the temperature-modulus gradient model.