High-pressure jet grouting technology, as an effective ground treatment method, is widely applied in fields such as highway transportation and hydraulic construction. Currently, high-pressure jet grouting technology is rapidly developing in terms of equipment development and construction techniques. However, the core scientific issues, including the coupling mechanism between the high-speed jet and soil, the influence of high-pressure jet grouting on pile formation, the underlying mechanisms, and prediction and assessment methods, are still not well understood scientifically. This has become a key technical bottleneck restricting the expansion of high-pressure jet grouting ground treatment technology and its development towards intelligence, low carbon, and greenness. This paper briefly reviews the main research progress in the mechanism and morphological prediction methods of high-pressure jet grouting pile formation, introduces the basic types and application fields of high-pressure jet grouting technology, summarizes the characteristics of high-speed jet generation, development, and evolution during the high-pressure jet grouting process, as well as the interaction mechanism between the high-speed jet and soil. It also organizes the jet grouting construction parameters and soil physical and mechanical property parameters that have significant impacts on the pile formation morphology of high-pressure jet grouting. Furthermore, it discusses empirical methods, semi-empirical and semi-theoretical methods, and artificial intelligence approaches for predicting the pile formation morphology of high-pressure jet grouting. The paper concludes with an outlook on noteworthy future developments and research directions in the mechanism and morphological prediction methods of high-pressure jet grouting pile formation, aiming to provide valuable references for engineering practices and scientific research in the field of high-pressure jet grouting ground treatment technology.