[Purposes] To address the durability challenges of asphalt in high-altitude regions with strong UV radiation and low temperatures, a composite modifier was prepared by intercalating UV absorbers into LDHs combined with waste crumb rubber. [Methods] In this study, the organic ultraviolet absorber DBDC was intercalated into layered double hydroxides (LDHs) to fabricate an ultraviolet-shielding intercalated modifier (UVA-LDHs). Subsequently, the prepared UVA-LDHs and crumb rubber (CR) were sequentially incorporated into the asphalt binder to obtain a composite-modified asphalt. The high-and low-temperature rheological performance of the modified asphalt was characterized using a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and a bending beam rheometer (BBR). Subsequently, stepwise ultraviolet (UV) aging was performed in a UV aging chamber to evaluate the effectiveness of the modifiers in enhancing the asphalt’s resistance to UV aging. Finally, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and gel permeation chromatography (GPC) were employed to characterize the intercalation behavior and elucidate the composite modification mechanism. [Findings] The results demonstrate that the composite-modified asphalt incorporating 3% DBDC-intercalated LDHs and 15% crumb rubber (L3R15) achieved the optimal performance, with increases of 1270% in complex shear modulus, 920% in creep recovery rate, and 197% in the m/S ratio relative to the base asphalt. Microscopic analyses revealed that the incorporation of the composite modifier effectively reduced the transformation rate of small molecules into larger molecules during aging, thereby retarding macromolecular aggregation and enhancing the asphalt’s resistance to ultraviolet aging. [Conclusions] The incorporation of UVA-LDHs/CR as a composite modifier significantly enhances the ultraviolet aging resistance of asphalt, while maintaining favorable rheological properties.